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Second BCG Dose to Prevent Tuberculosis in Adolescents

Despite a previous study raising the hope that giving Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine to adolescents who previously had received BCG as newborns would better prevent sustained tuberculosis (TB) infections, a new study conclusively demonstrates that revaccination with BCG during adolescence has no statistically significant effect on the incidence of subsequent TB infection or sustained positivity of interferon gamma receptor assay tests.

Effects of COVID-19 on Antimicrobial Resistance in U.S. Hospitals

In a retrospective cohort study, researchers found that antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) infections increased during the COVID-19 pandemic from 182 to 193 per 10,000 hospitalizations. Recent antibiotic exposure, increased illness severity, and comorbidities were associated with AMR infections.

Contaminated Pediatric Blood Cultures

Falsely positive (contaminated) blood culture samples lead to unnecessary antimicrobial use, excessive testing, prolonged hospitalizations, and increased healthcare costs. In pediatric settings, the greatest risk of blood culture contamination is with infants younger than 1 year of age and with children in emergency department settings.

Infectious Disease Updates

Two-Step Testing for Anal Cancer Screening in HIV; Reducing Complications of PICCs; Plan for the Lifecycle of a PICC

Diphtheria Surge in Europe

A marked increase in cases of diphtheria in Europe is related to migrants, most often from Syria or Afghanistan, indicating a need to maintain high levels of immunity through vaccination, not only in Europe but everywhere, including the United States.

Pemivibart for COVID-19 Prophylaxis: Clinical Trial Confirms its Efficacy

Confirming the results of the immunobridging analysis that led to its initial authorization for emergency use, this study demonstrates that pemivibart is effective as prophylaxis against COVID-19, including in immunocompromised patients.

What Is New with Leptospirosis?

Leptospirosis continues to cause seasonal problems in some urban areas, especially those with large populations of rats and imperfect garbage handling. New diagnostic tests are being developed, and plasma exchange offers the potential of improved outcomes for patients with leptospirosis accompanied by severe pulmonary hemorrhage.

Patients Hospitalized for Nonsevere COVID-19: No Benefit of CAP Antibiotics

A large population-based, retrospective, cohort study found there was no benefit for antibiotics targeting community-acquired pneumonia in patients hospitalized with nonsevere COVID-19. These results provide evidence against antibiotic use in this population.

Early Preoperative Antibiotics Before Appendectomy

Pre-incision treatment did not reduce intra-operative perforation, and likewise did not change purulent contamination, peri-appendicular abscess, or histologic gangrene. It did lower 30-day surgical-site infection (SSI) (1.6% vs. 3.2%; P = 0.03) and re-intervention for SSI (0.3% vs. 1.1%), but the effect was marginally significant, giving a number-needed-to-treat of 63 for any SSI and 125 for a re-intervention.

Infectious Disease Updates

Mpox Accelerates in Africa; Why Does Colonization Become Active C. difficile? Avian Influenza in Felines Exposed to Dairy Workers