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Pediatrics: Diet Matters

Specific diets show evidence of efficacy in the treatment of several common pediatric disorders.

Infectious Disease Alert Updates

Ebola Preparedness in Hospitals; Meningococcal Vaccine Recommended for HIV+ Persons

Adult Immunizations — 2017 Changes

Significant changes in recommendations for adult immunization for 2017 have been made or influenza, meningococcal infection, human papillomavirus, and hepatitis B.

Listeria Monocytogenes: Maternal-fetal Infection, Bacteremia, and Meningoencephalitis

Infection with Listeria monocytogenes in pregnancy is associated with frequent fetal loss. In others, bacteremia and central nervous system infections are associated with significant mortality.

Antibiotic Treatment in Community-acquired Pneumonia

In patients with newly diagnosed community-acquired pneumonia, basing the duration of antibiotic treatment on clinical stability criteria led to a significant reduction in duration of antibiotic treatment without an increased risk of adverse outcomes.

Does Tonsillectomy Decrease Throat Infections?

For children with recurrent throat infections, tonsillectomy leads to fewer throat infections and less school absence during the first post-operative year (as compared to similar children who did not undergo tonsillectomy). However, beneficial effects of surgery do not persist over time.

Inflammation in HIV Also Is Mediated by CD8+ T-cells and Platelets

CX3CR1+ CD8+ T-cells home to vascular endothelium and are enriched in ART-treated patients with HIV. These cells may play an important role in CVD risk in HIV-infected patients.

Vancomycin Combined with Piperacillin-Tazobactam Increases the Risk for Acute Kidney Injury

A retrospective cohort study found an increased risk of acute kidney injury for patients who received vancomycin in combination with piperacillin-tazobactam compared to those who received vancomycin plus cefepime (hazard ratio = 4.27; 95% confidence interval, 2.73-6.68).

First-ever Study of Genome Sequencing in the Common Forms of Epilepsy

In the first study with genome sequencing in the common forms of epilepsy, ultra-rare genetic mutations of known epilepsy genes were over-represented in the epilepsy population, compared to controls.

EEG Reactivity Testing in Comatose Patients After Severe Brain Injury

Studies assessing EEG reactivity in comatose patients after severe brain injuries are highly variable and almost never provide replicable definitions for presence or absence of EEG reactivity, even though it is used increasingly as a prognostic measure.