New HIV drugs offer more tolerable post-exposure regimens for HCWs
A new streamlined approach to PEP
New guidelines provide a simple response to occupational exposure to HIV: Take three anti-retrovirals as soon as possible and re-evaluate after 72 hours.
Remarkable advances in the treatment of HIV have produced anti-retrovirals that have far fewer adverse effects than the older drugs and that means a sea change in post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has issued the first new guidelines for PEP since 2005.1
The new guidelines give a streamlined approach to PEP although expert advice will still be required in certain circumstances, says Ronald H. Goldschmidt, MD, director of the National HIV/AIDS Clinicians’ Consultation Center at the University of California-San Francisco, which runs the PEPline advice call line for clinicians (1-888-HIV-4911).
Gone is the need to identify exposures as low-risk and high-risk. "With the new regimens, the adverse effects are quite minimal, and that makes it much easier to recommend PEP and easier for people to complete their course of PEP medications," Goldschmidt says.
For most exposures, CDC now recommends a three-drug combination: emtricitabine plus tenofovir DF (which may be provided with the Truvada combination tablet) plus raltegravir. (See box on p. 112.)
Some hospitals had already begun using the newer anti-retrovirals. The New York State Department of Health was the first to recommend the new regimen earlier this year. Even hospitals in other states used that as a basis for change.
For example, the University of California Los Angeles switched its first-line medications about six months ago. T. Warner Hudson, MD, FACOEM, FAAFP, medical director of Occupational and Employee Health for the UCLA Health System and Campus, welcomed the August 2013 publication of the guidelines.
"It always makes people a little more comfortable when there’s a CDC/HHS [U.S. Department of Health and Human Services] guideline saying this is a good idea," he says. "Thank goodness they’re out."
13 years of no known occupational HIV
Post-exposure prophylaxis for HIV has been an occupational health success story. In the past 13 years, CDC has not reported any new documented occupational transmissions.
Some seroconversions may still have occurred as a result of a sharps injury, cautions David Kuhar, MD, medical epidemiologist with CDC’s Division of Health Care Quality and Promotion and lead author of the guidelines. Reporting is voluntary, and even when a case is suspected, there may be inadequate information to determine whether it was occupational, he says.
"We don’t always receive all the information that we would like to about transmission cases and might not be able to confirm with certainty that it was occupational transmission of HIV versus HIV acquired from another source," he says.
The risk of transmission from a needlestick is still very real, he emphasizes. But post-exposure prophylaxis has been effective in greatly reducing that risk.
UCLA responds to about 300 to 400 bloodborne pathogen exposures a year, many of them involving HIV-positive source patients. There have been no known seroconversions in recent years, Hudson says.
"All the people in this field believe, even though we know there’s underreporting [of exposures], that these meds are much more effective than they were in the early days when they just used AZT [zidovudine]," he says.
Sharps safety technology and greater awareness about bloodborne pathogen risks also have contributed to the decline in seroconversions, Goldschmidt notes.
Quicker diagnosis with better tests
Another advance — rapid HIV testing — has played an important role in PEP improvements. The newer rapid tests provide highly accurate results within 30 minutes or an hour, says Kuhar.
However, even with rapid tests, the prophylaxis should start before the source patient results are in, Kuhar says. "We do not encourage people to wait until the test is back," he says.
In fact, the guidelines suggest having single-dose "starter packets" of the standard PEP regimen so treatment can be given as soon as possible, after some initial evaluation, counseling and baseline HIV testing of the employee.
Yet the rapid test technology promises to reduce some of the fear associated with a needlestick. The new "fourth-generation" tests are so accurate — they detect both the HIV antibody and antigen p24 antibody — they can shorten the entire testing timeframe. Exposed employees would be tested at baseline, six weeks and four months instead of the usual baseline, six weeks, 12 weeks and six months.
"They’re good at detecting HIV earlier than previous tests," says Kuhar. "That’s a very nice option, to finish your testing sooner."
Risk remains with low viral load
There always will be situations that require clinical judgment, but the guidelines provide some direction on common concerns.
Today, HIV patients receive highly sophisticated drug cocktails that keep their infection at bay. Some source patients may have a very low or even undetectable viral load. But there is still latent infection in the source patient’s cells, and employees should still receive post-exposure treatment, explains Kuhar.
"It still constitutes an exposure to HIV and people should be managed appropriately, including being offered post-exposure prophylaxis," he says.
Conversely, source patients who have been treated with various anti-retrovirals may have drug resistance — and that could shape the recommended regimen. The guidelines call for expert consultation if the source patient has known or suspected drug resistance.
PEPline received about 11,000 calls a year related to occupational exposures, says Goldschmidt. By making the standard PEP response simpler, the calls may become more targeted, he says.
But to health care workers who have an exposure, the risk of seroconversion may be low, but it is still very real, he says.
"It’s absolutely normal and appropriate that people are scared," Goldschmidt says. "Even though it’s a small number, people do imagine they are one of the three in a thousand [the estimated rate of seroconversion from a needlestick, based on previous studies2]. People will still remain quite concerned.
"It is reassuring to tell them there haven’t been transmissions in the last 13 years — that we know about," he says.
References
- Kuhar DT, Henderson DK, Struble KA, et al. Updated US Public Health Service Guidelines for the Management of Occupational Exposures to Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Recommendations for Postexposure Prophylaxis. Infect Control Hosp Epi 2013;34:875-892.
- Cardo DM, ZCulver DH, Ciesielski CA, et al. A case-control study of HIV seroconversion in health care workers after percutaneous exposure. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Needlestick Surveillance Group. N Engl J Med 1997;337:1485-1490.
When to get expert advice for PEP
According to new guidelines by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention1, circumstances that call for expert opinion regarding the proper post-exposure prophylaxis for HIV include:
Delayed exposure report (more than 72 hours)
• After that interval, benefits from PEP are undefined.
Unknown source (for example, a needlestick from a sharps disposal container or laundry)
• Use of PEP to be decided on a case-by-case basis.
• Consider severity of exposure and epidemiologic likelihood of HIV exposure.
• Do not test needles or other sharp instruments for HIV.
Known or suspected pregnancy in the exposed person
• Provision of PEP should not be delayed while awaiting expert consultation.
Breast-feeding in the exposed person
• Provision of PEP should not be delayed while awaiting expert consultation.
Known or suspected resistance of the source virus to antiretroviral agents
• If source person's virus is known or suspected to be resistant to one or more of the drugs considered for PEP, selection of drugs to which the source person's virus is unlikely to be resistant is recommended.
• Do not delay initiation of PEP while awaiting any results of resistance testing of the source person's virus.
Toxicity of the initial PEP regimen
• Symptoms (such as gastrointestinal symptoms and others) are often manageable without changing PEP regimen by prescribing anti-motility or antiemetic agents.
• Counseling and support for management of side effects is very important, as symptoms are often exacerbated by anxiety.
Serious medical illness in the exposed person
• Significant underlying illness (such as renal disease) or an exposed provider already taking multiple medications may increase the risk of drug toxicity and drug-drug interactions.
Expert consultation can be made with local experts or by calling the National Clinicians' Post-Exposure Prophylaxis Hotline (PEPline) at 888-448-4911.
Reference
1. Kuhar DT, Henderson DK, Struble KA, et al. Updated US Public Health Service Guidelines for the Management of Occupational Exposures to Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Recommendations for Postexposure Prophylaxis. Infect Control Hosp Epi 2013;34:875-892.
What drugs to prescribe for HIV exposure
Preferred HIV PEP Regimen
Raltegravir (Isentress; RAL) 400 mg PO twice daily
Plus Truvada, 1 PO once daily (Tenofovir DF [Viread; TDF] 300 mg + emtricitabine [Emtriva; FTC] 200 mg)1
Alternative Regimens
(May combine 1 drug or drug pair from List A with 1 pair of nucleoside/nucleotide reverse-transcriptase inhibitors from List B; prescribers unfamiliar with these agents/regimens should consult physicians familiar with the agents and their toxicities)
List A:
Raltegravir (Isentress; RAL)
Darunavir (Prezista; DRV) + ritonavir (Norvir; RTV)
Etravirine (Intelence; ETR)
Rilpivirine (Edurant; RPV)
Atazanavir (Reyataz; ATV) + ritonavir (Norvir; RTV)
Lopinavir/ritonavir (Kaletra; LPV/RTV)
List B:
Tenofovir DF (Viread; TDF) + emtricitabine (Emtriva; FTC);
available as Truvada
Tenofovir DF (Viread; TDF) + lamivudine (Epivir; 3TC)
Zidovudine (Retrovir; ZDV; AZT) + lamivudine (Epivir; 3TC);
available as Combivir
Zidovudine (Retrovir; ZDV; AZT) + emtricitabine (Emtriva; FTC)
The following alternative is a complete fixed-dose combination regimen, and no additional
antiretrovirals are needed: Stribild (elvitegravir, cobicistat, tenofovir DF, emtricitabine)
Alternative Antiretroviral Agents for Use as PEP Only with Expert Consultation
Abacavir (Ziagen; ABC)
Efavirenz (Sustiva; EFV)
Enfuvirtide (Fuzeon; T20)
Fosamprenavir (Lexiva; FOSAPV)
Maraviroc (Selzentry; MVC)
Saquinavir (Invirase; SQV)
Stavudine (Zerit; d4T)
Antiretroviral Agents Generally Not Recommended for Use as PEP
Didanosine (Videx EC; ddI)
Nelfinavir (Viracept; NFV)
Tipranavir (Aptivus; TPV)
Antiretroviral Agents Contraindicated as PEP
Nevirapine (Viramune; NVP)
The alternatives regimens are listed in order of preference; however, other alternatives may be reasonable based on patient and clinician preference. For consultation or assistance with HIV PEP, contact the National Clinicians' Post-Exposure Prophylaxis Hotline at telephone number 888-448-4911 or visit its website at www.nccc.ucsf.edu/about_nccc/pepline/.
Reference
1. Kuhar DT, Henderson DK, Struble KA, et al. Updated US Public Health Service Guidelines for the Management of Occupational Exposures to Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Recommendations for Postexposure Prophylaxis. Infect Control Hosp Epi 2013;34:875-892.
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