Ethics of discontinuing home health services
Elizabeth E. Hogue, Esq.
Burtonsville, MD
Over time, patients who initially are appropriate for home health services may no longer meet the care criteria from agency staff. For example, the clinical condition of patients may become so complex that they cannot be treated properly at home. Likewise, the availability of reliable primary caregivers may change. The patient’s spouse may become too ill to participate in care. Case managers/discharge planners may recommend nursing home placement for patients they may flatly reject.
However, under these circumstances, staff may have concerns about terminating services that they express in terms of ethics. They may acknowledge that it is legal to terminate services but say they are not certain that discontinuation is ethical. As a result, it is important to address ethical concerns about termination of services.
One of the most common dilemmas faced by home care staff occurs when patients refuse transfer to a nursing home. A careful review of this issue from an ethical point of view should include examination of three principles: autonomy, justice, and beneficence/nonbeneficence.
1. Autonomy.
The term generally means patients can make choices and act upon them.1 The primary mechanism to ensure patients’ autonomy in home care is through the process of informed consent. Patients are given information about treatment alternatives upon which they base their choices. This principle requires health care providers to honor patients’ choices, including decisions to refuse treatment. Bioethicists recognize the right of patients to refuse treatment in the form of nursing home placement.
Patients have an absolute right to stay at home, and staff must honor their choices to be ethical. But does the patient’s decision to refuse treatment mean staff should continue to arrange for and/or provide care in inappropriate settings? Must staff help patients refuse treatment by continuing to provide care at home? The principles of justice and beneficence/nonbeneficence may provide some insight into the answer.
2. Justice.
This term means every patient receives his or her due. Individuals are entitled to justice. According to the principle of so-called distributive justice, justice also must be applied on a communitywide basis.1 So a key question is: What is just in the case of patients who refuse nursing home placement for both individuals and the community? Patients who are inappropriate for home care often gobble up agency resources. When patients who need continuous care receive only intermittent services, staff almost always end up trying to take up the slack by going well beyond the proverbial extra mile. Although ethical issues are sometimes characterized as matters of patients’ rights, it is important to recognize that ethical principles apply to everyone involved in the care of patients — including staff.
Do staff receive their just due when asked to care for patients who are inappropriate for home care and perhaps at great risk of injury as a result? In terms of distributive justice, is it fair to other patients to lavish attention on patients who are inappropriate for home care, so that others may not receive adequate attention?
When viewed from this perspective, staff may conclude that it is not just to continue to arrange for or provide services to patients who refuse nursing home care. Another dimension of justice also is relevant. Justice implies that patients are entitled to their due in the sense of appropriate care. When agencies assist patients who remain at an inappropriate level of care, and patients are denied justice in this form, they may not be acting in a manner consistent with ethical principles.
3. Beneficence/nonbeneficence.
These principles must also be examined in view of this dilemma. Beneficence means staff members act to do good for patients. Nonbeneficence is a more passive principle that basically requires staff to do no harm.1
What action should agencies take when patients refuse treatment in the form of nursing home placement? Both justice and beneficence may dictate that patients take action to secure appropriate treatment in a nursing home. Thus, although home care practitioners tend to conclude that "some care is better than no care," this mindset may be ethically unsound. The principle of nonbeneficence may dictate discontinuation of home health services in order to avoid enabling patients to remain in inappropriate settings.
Consideration of ethical issues always involves balancing ethical principles of various participants’ points of view. Certainly there are no easy answers to ethical questions in home care. Providers, however, must be careful to engage in ethical decision making, as opposed to operating from their "guts," when a situation just feels wrong. When providers engage in a process of ethical decision making, they may conclude that they are acting ethically when refusing to arrange for or discontinuing services to patients who are no longer appropriate for home care.
[A complete list of Elizabeth Hogue’s publications is available by contacting: Elizabeth E. Hogue, Esq., 15118 Liberty Grove, Burtonsville, MD 20866. Phone: (301) 421-0143. Fax: (301) 421-1699. E-mail: [email protected].]
Reference
1. Beauchamp TL, Childress JL. Principles of Bioethics, New York City: Oxford University Press; 1980.
One of the most common dilemmas faced by home care staff occurs when patients refuse transfer to a nursing home. A careful review of this issue from an ethical point of view should include examination of three principles: autonomy, justice, and beneficence/nonbeneficence.
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