Q&A on blood glucose monitoring
The following FAQs summarize inquiries from healthcare personnel received by the Centers for Disease Control & Prevention regarding best practices for performance of assisted blood glucose monitoring and insulin administration.
Fingerstick/Lancing Devices
My facility uses reusable fingerstick devices. If we change the lancet and disposable components and clean and disinfect the device after use, is it okay to use this device for multiple patients? Single-use, auto-disabling lancets are more expensive.
No. Fingerstick devices must never be used for more than one person. Due to failures to change the disposable components, difficulties with cleaning and disinfection of reusable components after every use, and their link to multiple hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection outbreaks, the CDC and the FDA recommend that these devices never be used for more than one person. Use of fingerstick devices for more than one person unnecessarily compromises patient safety, as demonstrated by numerous HBV infection outbreaks and resulting deaths. Despite perceived cost-savings from multi-patient use of reusable fingerstick devices, facilities should also consider the additional costs of testing, treatment, and legal action that result from such outbreaks and patient notifications.
Some of the newer fingerstick devices come with cartridges that have multiple lancets preloaded. Is it acceptable to use this type of device for multiple patients so long as you remember to advance to a new lancet each time?
No. These devices are not approved nor safe for use on multiple patients. Even if the device is advanced and a new lancet is used for each fingerstick procedure, unused lancets could become contaminated through contact with blood remaining on the end cap or the device barrel. At least one outbreak of HBV infection resulting from multi-patient use of these devices has occurred in recent years.
My facility uses reusable fingerstick devices. However, we dedicate them for single-patient use. Is this acceptable?
CDC recommends the use of single-use, auto-disabling fingerstick devices in settings where assisted blood glucose monitoring is performed. This practice prevents inadvertent reuse of fingerstick devices for more than one person. Additionally, the use of single-use, auto-disabling fingerstick devices protects healthcare personnel from needlestick injuries. If reusable fingerstick devices are used for assisted monitoring of blood glucose then they should be treated in a manner similar to other personal care items (e.g., razors and toothbrushes) and must never be shared. Facilities must take steps to assure that fingerstick devices are clearly labeled and stored in a manner to prevent inadvertent use for the wrong patient and cross-contamination from the surface of one fingerstick device to another.
Residents at our assisted living facility do their own blood glucose monitoring and prefer to use the reusable fingerstick devices. Is this acceptable?
Reusable fingerstick devices are appropriate for individuals who perform all steps of testing themselves. However, this equipment should be labeled with their name and these individuals should be educated that this equipment should be treated like other personal care equipment (e.g., razors, toothbrushes) and must never be shared. Transmission of HBV infection has been described in residential settings when individuals shared their personal blood glucose monitoring equipment with friends or family.
Blood Glucose Meters
How can hepatitis B virus (HBV) be transmitted through the meter? If the blood glucose meter never touches the patient, why does it need to be cleaned and disinfected after each use?
Infectious agents, such as HBV, can be transmitted through indirect contact transmission, even in the absence of visible blood. Indirect contact transmission is defined as the transfer of an infectious agent (e.g., HBV) from one patient to another through a contaminated intermediate object (e.g., blood glucose meter) or person (e.g., healthcare personnel hands). With some blood glucose meters that require pre-loading of the test strip, the device may come into direct or close contact with the patient's fingerstick wound. If blood is transferred from the patient to the meter, and the meter is not cleaned and disinfected after use, subsequent patients can be exposed to this blood when the meter is used on them.
Indirect contact transmission can also occur even if the patient never directly contacts the meter. Healthcare personnel hands can become contaminated with blood at various points while performing assisted blood glucose monitoring including pricking the patient's finger or handling the test strip. Blood can then be transferred to the meter when healthcare personnel handle the meter to obtain the reading. If the meter is not cleaned and disinfected after use, the blood remaining on the meter can be transferred to subsequent patients via healthcare personnel hands when they handle the meter and then assist with fingerstick procedures. Numerous outbreaks have implicated this mechanism in the spread of HBV infections.
Contamination of equipment and transmission of HBV can also occur if healthcare personnel fail to change their gloves and perform hand hygiene between patients. A multi-hospital study of blood glucose meters found that 30% were contaminated with blood; contamination was identified at the test strip insertion site as well as on the outside surfaces of meters. Further, HBV has been demonstrated to remain infectious in dried blood on environmental surfaces for at least 7 days. For these reasons, blood glucose meters should be cleaned and disinfected after each use, unless they are dedicated to a single patient and appropriately stored to prevent inadvertent contamination.
What products are acceptable for cleaning and disinfection of blood glucose meters?
FDA has recently released guidance for manufacturers regarding appropriate products and procedures for cleaning and disinfection of blood glucose meters. This guidance, including a link to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) website can be found at the FDA website: http://1.usa.gov/pH8qzj.
If blood glucose meters are dedicated for single-patient use, where should they be stored?
Blood glucose meters dedicated for single-patient use should, ideally, be stored in the patient's room in a manner that will protect against inadvertent use for additional patients and cross-contamination via contact with other meters or equipment. An evaluation of instrument storage areas in hospitals found that 20% of areas where blood glucose meters were stored were contaminated with blood. If facilities are not able to safely store meters in patient rooms, they need to take steps to ensure that meters are not inadvertently used for the wrong patient and that cross-contamination from the surface of one meter to another does not occur. If the blood glucose meter becomes contaminated through inappropriate storage, subsequent patients could be exposed to infectious agents, even if the meter itself does not have direct patient contact.
If blood glucose meters are dedicated for single-patient use, do they need routine cleaning and disinfection? If so, how often?
If meters are dedicated for single-patient use and facilities have taken steps to assure that they are stored in a location to prevent inadvertent use for the wrong patient and/or cross-contamination, then meters should be cleaned and disinfected according to manufacturer's instructions and, at a minimum, anytime they are being reassigned to a different patient. Facilities are reminded, however, that if the manufacturer of the device in use does not specify how the device should be cleaned and disinfected, then it should not be shared or reassigned to a different patient. Care must be taken by personnel handling meters, whether designated for multi- or single-patient use, to remove gloves and perform hand hygiene after each patient use and after cleaning and disinfecting meters.
Insulin Pens and Insulin Administration
My facility uses insulin pens. If we change the needle and/or insulin cartridge, is it okay to use this device for multiple patients?
No. Insulin pens are approved and labeled only for single-patient use. Under no circumstances may they be used for more than one person. Part of safe injection practices includes never using the same syringe for more than one patient. Changing only the needle and reusing the cartridge of an insulin pen is a form of syringe reuse that represents a serious medical error. Changing the cartridge does not protect against contamination and does not make these devices safe for multi-patient use.
If insulin pens are in use in a facility, they should be clearly labeled with the patient's name and stored in a manner to prevent inadvertent use for more than one person and/or cross-contamination. Failure to do so has resulted in large scale patient notifications and an alert from FDA reminding consumers and healthcare personnel that these devices must never be used for more than one person.
My facility uses multi-dose vials of insulin. Can these vials be used for more than one person?
Multi-dose vials should be dedicated to a single patient whenever possible. If they must be used for more than one person, they should not be stored or accessed in the immediate patient treatment area. This is to prevent inadvertent contamination of the vial through direct or indirect contact with potentially contaminated surfaces or equipment that could then lead to infections in subsequent patients. If a multi-dose vial enters the immediate patient treatment area (e.g., patient room), it should be dedicated to that patient only.
For CDC information and full references for these questions go to: http://1.usa.gov/dj3QEs.
The following FAQs summarize inquiries from healthcare personnel received by the Centers for Disease Control & Prevention regarding best practices for performance of assisted blood glucose monitoring and insulin administration.You have reached your article limit for the month. Subscribe now to access this article plus other member-only content.
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